Secondary Plant Metabolites Utilization In West African Dwarf Does Fed Combined Levels Of Andropogon Gayanus (Kunth) And Gliricidia Sepium (Jacq) With Cassava Offal Based Concentrate
Keywords:
Grass-legume mixture,, cassava offal W.A.D.-Does, metabolites digestibilityAbstract
Twenty West African Dwarf Does of average weight of 5±0.58 kg aged between 3 and 6 months were used to determine the effect of level of Andropogon gayanus and Gliricidia sepium with cassava offal based diets on secondary plant metabolites digestibility. The five (5) treatments were I (Gs0) 100% Ag + 0% Gs; II (Gs25) 75% Ag +25%Gs; III (Gs50) 50%Ag +50% Gs; IV (Gs 75) 25% Ag+ 75% Gs; V (Gs100) 0% Ag + Gs100. Lowest and highest Saponin, Tannin, Phytate, Oxalate and hydrocyanide (HCN) digestibilities were observed in Gs100 and Gs0 , Gs100 and Gs25, Gs75 and Gs50 , Gs100 and Gs0 as well as Gs100 with Gs75 and Gs0 respectively. No definite pattern of digestibility was established in relation to levels of supplementation but it was evident that goats (does) can accommodate, through degradation of all the allelo chemicals.
References
Ajayi, D. A, Adeneyi J. A and Ajayi, F. T. (2005). Intake and Nutrients utilization of West Africn Dwarf Goats Fed Mango ( Mangifera indica), ficus ( Ficus thoningii), Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) foliages and concentrate as supplements to Basal Diet of Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum) World Journal of Agricultural Science, 1 (2), 184-189.
Aletor, V. A. and Omodara, O. A. (1994). Studies on some leguminon Browses plants with particular reference to their proximate, minerals and some endogenous anti-nutritional constituents. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 40, 343-348
Allison, M.J., Mary berry, W.R., Mcsweeney, C.S. and stah, D.A. (1992). Synergistes Jonesic, gen Nov sp; A rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridine diols. Systems Application Micro Boil, 15, 522-529
Beutler, H.O., Beeker, J., Michael, G.. and Walter, E. (1980). Rapid method for the determination of Oxalate. Friesanus Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 30, 187.
Chen, B and Gompez, J. (1992). Estimation of microbial protein supply in sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives: An over view of technical details. Aberdeen: International feed research unit, Howe Research Institute.
Conn., E. E. (1981). The biochemistry of plants: secondary plant products. New York: Academic Press
Eeckahout, W and De Paepe, M. (1994). Total phosphrous, phytate- phosporus and phytase activity in plant feed stuff. Animal feed Science and technology, 47, 19-29).
Devendra, C. (1990). The use of shrubs and Tree fodder by ruminants. In Dervendra C. (ed) Shrubs and Treefodder for farm animals. (pp42-68) Canada: IDRC O Hawa. Ernest Small (1996) Adaptations to herbivory in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) can. Journal of Bot, 74, 809-822
Hagerman, A. C. and Butter, I. G. (1983). The precipitation methods for the quantitative determination of tannins. Journal of Agricultural Science and Food chemistry, 26, 806- 812.
Hoffinan, R. R. (1987). Morphological evolutionary adaptation of ruminant digestive system. In Dobson, A. (ed) Aspect of digestive physiology in ruminants. New York: Cornell University Press U.S.A. pp 1-126)
Howe, H. and Westhley, L. (1998). Ecological Relationship of plants and Animals. New York: Oxford University Press 273 pp
Keith Gregg (1995). Engineering gut flora of ruminant livestock to reduce forage toxicity , progress and problems. TIBTECH 13, 418-421
Lowry. J. B. (1989). Toxix factors and problems ; methods of alleviating them in animals. In Devenra C (ed) shrubs and Tress fodder for farm animals proc of w/shop in densparay Indonesia, July 24-29 DRC OHwa Canada. pg 76-88
Mackie, R. L. Gilchris, F. M., Robert, A. M., Hannah, P. E. and Schwartz, H. M. (1978). Microbiological and chemical changes in the rumen during the stepwise adaptation of sheep to high concentrate diets S.Hg. Science (Camb) 90 241-254),
Maga (1983). Phytate: its occurrence, chemistry, food interactions, nutritional significance and analthrical methods. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 30: 1-9)
Norton, B.W. (1994) Antinutritive and Toxic factors in forage tree legumes. In Guiteridge, R.C. and Shelton, H.M. (eds) Forage Tree legumes in Tropical Agriculture. Australia: University of Queensland 4075. C.A.B International U.K. pg 203-214
Ogungbesan, A. M, Ogunyemi, A.O and Olatifede Y. (2005). Some Tephrosia bracteolata's (Guill et perr) antinutrients factors response to time of planting In the potential and limitations to self sufficiency in livestock production in Nigeria. Proceedings of 10th Anim. Conf. of ASAN at University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria Sept 12 -15. Dairo, F.A.S, Fajemilehin, S.O.K, and Onibi, G.E. (eds) pg 222 - 224
Ogungbesan A. M., Akinboye O. O., Apata S. E. and Olusanya T. P (2006). Antinutrients Digestibility in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats fed Tephrosia bracteolata (Guill et perr) based diets. In Raji A.M., Oluokun, J.A and Odukoya, S.O (eds) New challenge in animal production: The way forward. Proceedings of 11th Annual Conference of A.S.A.N at I.A.R. & T. Ibadan. 18-21 Sept. Pg 63 - 65
Ogungbesan A. M. (2010). Effect of combined levels of panicum maximum and Gliricidia sepium or the Digestibility of Anti-quality factors in West African Dwarf Does. Epizootiological and Animal Health in West Africa, 6
Ologhobo, A. D. (1989). Mineral and Anti-nutritional contents of legumes consumed by goats in Nigeria. In African small ruminat research and development. Proceedings of annual Conference. Camerron. January 18-23 African small ruminant network pp 219-229
Onwuka, C. F. I. (1992). Tannin and saponin contents of some tropical fed to goats. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 69(2): 176-180.
Poonan, V. Raw and Hahn, S. K. (1984). An automated enzyme assay for determining cyanide content of cassava and its product. Journal Science, Food and Agriculture, 35, 426-436).
Reynolds H., Attahkrah A. N. and Francis P. A. (1998). Allay farming with livestock-guide lines. P. M. B. 5320 Adiss-Ababa, Ethiopia
Rosenthal, G. A. and Janzen, D. H. (1979). Herbivores: Their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. New York: Academic Press.
Skerman, P. J. and Rivervos, F. (1990). Tropical Grasses. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization, pp 185-190
Strong, F. M. (1979). Toxicants occurring naturally in foods. Journal of Food Science and Nutrients, 44, 55.
S.A.S. (2002). Statistical Anal sis system, users guide statistical analysis institute. Carolina: Inc Ary North .
Tarawali S.A., Tarawal G., Larbe A. and Harrison J. (1995). Method for the evaluation of forage -legume, grasses, and fodder trees for use as livestock feed. ILRI manual . Nairobi: ILRI Kenya. Pg 7-15)
